Explanation: This system utilizes QR codes pasted on the ground at specific intervals. These codes contain vital navigation information, allowing the robot to execute movements and pathing accurately.

Key Advantages: Significant improvements in warehousing efficiency, seamless cluster operations, and high compatibility with other automated systems like manipulators or drones.

Considerations: Ideally suited for large-scale sorting centers where a complete integrated system can be deployed. While highly effective for industrial zones, it typically requires restricted operation areas to ensure safety and peak efficiency.